 |
 |
 |
|
|
antibody production
When an antigen enters, the B-lymphocyte clone specific to it increases in size and is transformed to mature plasma cells that secrete antibody Estimate that plasma cell clones can make over 100 billion different types of antibodies but people only encounter several thousand in a lifetime Plasma cell manufactures 2,000 antibodies per second but only lives 4-5 days Antibodies are secreted into the lymph and from there enter the circulation B cells are responsible for humoral immunity (antibody production) Are stimulated by bacteria primarily (streptococci, pneumococci, some influenza bacilli, meningococci) and against viral reinfections Antibodies bind to bacteria and their toxins and to free viruses
Some B - lymphocytes do not mature into plasma cells Instead divide, increasing the number of B-lymphocytes with memory of that specific antigen Thus, on 2nd exposure to antigen there is much more rapid and efficient production of that antibody Reason for giving “booster shots” in immunization Primary immune response-when body first exposed to antigen Lag period of 3-6 days for B cells to proliferate Plasma antibody levels peak in about 10 days and then decline Secondary immune response-when reexposed to same antigen Peak levels of antibodies are reached in about 2 days and levels remain high for weeks or months Antibodies belong to a family of proteins in the blood called gamma globulins (immune globulins -Ig) Antibody is a “Y-shaped” molecule made up of 4 polypeptide chains-2 long heavy chains and 2 short light chains Each molecule has a variable region and a constant region 5 types - designated by letters G, A, M, D, and E – each type has same constant region Antibodies may be found either free in plasma or bound to surface of lymphocytes IgG, IgA and IgM provide bulk of specific antibodies against infection IgG makes up 70% (80%) of circulating antibodies - occur in plasma and tissue fluids (most abundant antibody in plasma) Particularly effective against bacteria, viruses and certain toxins Enhance phagocytosis, neutralize toxins and protect fetus and newborn (only class that crosses placenta-provides passive immunity to fetus) IgA antibodies are produced by lymphoid tissue in GI tract and act locally 13% of antibodies During stress, IgA levels decrease – can lower resistance to infection Help control bacterial and viral infections– provide localized protection on mucosal surfaces Do not pass across placenta Pass from mother to infant in milk and offer some protection against digestive and respiratory disorders IgM - 6% of antibodies Largest antibodies-pentamer (5 Y-shaped monomers stuck together) Consist of anti -A and anti-B antibodies in blood First class released to blood by plasma cells Are especially effective against microbes by causing agglutination and lysis IgE occurs in various exocrine secretions along with IgA Responsible for the physiological manifestations of allergic reactions Hay fever, asthma, hives, reactions to bee stings and drugs Antibodies adhere to mast cells which rupture and release histamine Histamine causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability Loss of fluid may lead to death due to circulatory shock (anaphylaxis) IgD antibodies - function not known - significance thought to be minor Found on surface of most B lymphocytes, especially those of infants May stimulate antibody-producing cells to manufacture antibodies
|
List of Blood Test, Results and Reference RangeRiverside .
|
Disclaimer|Privacy Policy|Site Map|Email|
Rare Blood Types in Alphabetical per state in USA, Rare Blood Types in .Rare Blood Types in Alabama, Rare Blood Types in Alaska, Rare Blood Types in Arizona, Rare Blood Types in Arkansas, Rare Blood Types in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Rare Blood in 5 Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Rare Blood in Maryland, Rare Types in Massachusetts, Rare Types in Michigan, Rare Types in Minnesota, .25 Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, Rare Types in New Hampshire, Rare Types in New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Rare Types in Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rare Types in Rhode Island, Rare Types in South Carolina, Rare Types in South Dakota, Rare Types in Tennessee, Rare Types in Texas, Rare Types in Utah, Rare Types in Vermont, Rare Types in Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Rare Types in Wisconsin, Rare Types in Wyoming, Alabama, Birmingham , Gadsden, Huntsville, Mobile, Montgomery , Selma, Tuscaloosa, Alaska, Anchorage, Barrow , Fairbanks, Juneau, Ketchikan, Nome, Sitka, Skagway, Valdez, Arizona, Flagstaff, Mesa, Phoenix, Tempe, Tucson, Yuma, Arkansas, Fort Smith , Little Rock, Texarkana , California , Alameda , Anaheim, Bakersfield , Berkeley , Beverly Hills, Compton , Escondido, Eureka, Fremont , Fresno, Garden Grove, Lodi, Long Beac. RareBloodTypes.Org is online information website to create awareness about "rare blood types". As a policy matter we do not share information provided by "rare blood type donors" online. © 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 RareBloodTypes.Org. All Rights Reserved
Tags : | Rh Negative types | | Marriage Pregnancy | FAQ | | marriage | Rh Negative Marriage | rarest blood types | donation Centers | donors |Rh Negative and Pregnancy | Rh Negative Pregnancy | Pregnancy Diet |rh negative baby | Rh Negative Famous People | Rh Negative FAQ | Rh Negative Compatibility | Rh Negative Astrology | web site | national service, transfusion service, where to give , sessions, transfusions, hospital, Tests Results | Tests Positive | pressure high-low |
