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PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
Thrombo clot; cyte - cell
Are fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocytes formed in red bone marrow
Hemocytoblasts - megakaryoblasts - megakaryocytes - platelets
250,000 - 400,000 per cubic mm of blood (Average = 300,000)
Average life span of 5-9 days
Cytoplasm contains:
Alpha granules-contain clotting factors and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) which stimulates endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to proliferate to repair damaged blood vessel walls
Dense granules contain ADP, ATP and serotonin
Enzyme systems that produce prostaglandins
Fibrin-stabilizing factor which helps strengthen a blood clot
Initiate hemostasis - stop bleeding
3 mechanisms to prevent blood loss:
1. Vascular spasm - when blood vessel is damaged, smooth muscle contracts for up
to 30 minutes
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Clotting or coagulation
Contact with collagen fibers of vascular wall changes the form of platelets - they enlarge and become irregular
Processes protrude from their surface and they become sticky
Stick to collagen fibers
Once attached, thromboxane A2 (a prostaglandin derivative) is generated from lipids in platelet membranes-causes release of serotonin and ADP
Aspirin inhibits formation of thromboxane
ADP acts on nearby platelets to make them sticky
This produces a soft platelet plug which becomes tight when reinforced by fibrin threads
The plug is limited to the immediate area by the prostaglandin PGI2 or prostacyclin-an inhibitor of platelet aggregation produced by endothelial cells
This mechanism takes care of minute capillary ruptures that occur hundreds of times each day
Platelets release serotonin (vasoconstrictor) and a platelet factor which initiates reactions that lead to
clot formation
Platelets then cause the clot to shrink, squeezing out serum – they contain contractile actomyosin
Thrombocytopenia - a deficiency of platelets (less than 50,000-100,000/cubic mm)
Causes excessive bleeding
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List of Blood Test, Results and Reference Range
Riverside .
Sacramento .
San Bernardino .
San Diego .
San Francisco .
San Juan Capistrano .
San Mateo .
San Rafael .
Santa Ana .
Santa Barbara .
Santa Cruz .
Santa Monica .
Sonoma .
Whittier .
Colorado .
Aspen .
Aurora .
Boulder .
Colorado Springs .
Denver .
Durango .
Grand Junction .
Pueblo .
Connecticut .
Bridgeport .
Greenwich .
Hartford .
Middletown .
New Haven .
Norwich .
Delaware Rare Blood Ty .
Dover .
Elsmere .
Milford .
New Castle .
Rehoboth Beach .
Wilmington .
District of Columbia .
Washington .
Florida .
Boca Raton .
Clearwater .
Coral Springs .
Daytona Beach .
Delray Beach .
Fort Lauderdale .
Fort Myers .
Gainesville .
Jacksonville .
Key West .
Miami .
Ocala .
Orlando .
Palm Beach .
Saint Augustine .
St. Petersburg .
Sarasota .
Talahassee .
Tampa .
Georgia .
Athens .
Atlanta .
Augusta .
Colombus .
Macon .
Marietta .
Rome .
Roswell .
Savannah .
Valdosta .
Hawaii .
Hilo .
Honolulu .
Lahaina .
Wahiawa .
Waipahu .
Idaho .
Boise .
Couer d'Alene .
Pocatello .
Illinois .
Chicago .
Springfield .
Indiana .
Elkhart .
Evansville .
Fort Wayne .
Gary .
Indianapolis .
Muncie .
South Bend .
Terra Haute .
Valparaiso .
Iowa .
Cedar Falls .
Cedar Rapids .
Des Moines .
Dubuque .
Fort Dodge .
Waterloo .
Kansas .
Abilene .
Dodge City .
Shawnee .
Topeka .
Wichita .
Kentucky .
Danville .
Frankfort .
Lexington .
Lousville .
Paducah .
Louisiana .
Baton Rouge .
Bossier City .
Lafayette .
Lake Charles .
Metairie .
Monroe .
Natchitoches .
New Orleans .
Shreveport .
Maine .
Augusta .
Bangor .
Bar Harbor .
Caribou .
Kennebunk .
Portland .
Maryland .
Annapolis .
Baltimore .
Bethesda .
Bowie .
College Park .
Cumberland .
Frederick .
Gaithersburg .
Germantown .
Hagerstown .
Ocean City .
Rockville .
Salisbury .
Silver Spring .
Towson .
Waldorf .
Wheaton .
Massachusetts .
Andover .
Boston .
Braintree .
Charlestown .
Chelsea .
Danvers .
Dorchester .
Fall River .
Lowell .
Nantucket .
Plymouth .
Quincy .
Roxbury .
Worcester .
Michigan .
Ann Arbor .
Bay City .
Detroit .
Flint .
Grand Rapids .
Kalamazoo .
Lansing .
Sault Ste. Marie .
Minnesota .
Bloomington .
Duluth .
Minneapolis .
Minnetonka .
St. Paul .
Port Huron .
Mississippi .
Biloxi .
Greenville .
Jackson .
Natchez .
Tupelo .
Vicksburg .
Missouri .
Cape Girardeau .
Hannibal .
Jefferson City .
Kansas City .
St. Louis .
Montana .
Anaconda .
Billings .
Bozeman .
Butte .
Great Falls .
Helena .
Missoula .
Nebraska .
Lincoln .
North Platte .
Omaha .
Nevada .
Carson City .
Fallon .
Fernley .
Gerlach .
Las Vegas .
Reno .
New Hampshire .
Concord .
Portsmouth .
New Jersey .
Asbury Park .
Atlantic City .
Camden .
Hackensack .
Jersey City .
Newark .
Passaic .
Trenton .
New Mexico .
Alamagorda .
Albuquerque .
Clovis .
Las Cruces .
Los Alamos .
Roswell, New Mexico .
Santa Fe .
New York .
Albany .
Buffalo .
Elmira .
Lockport .
New York City .
Newburgh .
Niagara Falls .
Poughkeepsie .
Rochester .
Schenectady .
Syracuse .
Utica .
Watertown .
White Plains .
Williamsburgh .
Yonkers .
North Carolina .
Asheville .
Charlotte .
Durham .
Fayetteville .
Greensboro .
Raleigh .
Wilmington .
Winston-Salem .
North Dakota .
Bismarck .
Fargo .
Grand Forks .
Mandan .
Minot .
Ohio .
Akron .
Cincinnati .
Cleveland .
Columbus .
Dayton .
Kent .
Steubenville .
Toledo .
Youngstown .
Oklahoma .
Oklahoma City .
Stillwater .
Tulsa .
Oregon .
Bend .
The Dalles .
Eugene .
Klamath Falls .
Medford .
Portland .
Salem .
Pennsylvania .
Allentown .
Altoona .
Erie .
Gettysburg .
Harrisburg .
Philadelphia .
Pittsburgh .
Reading .
Scranton .
York .
Rhode Island .
Newport .
Pawtucket .
Providence .
South Carolina .
Charleston .
Columbia .
Greenville .
Spartanburg .
South Dakota .
Pierre .
Rapid City .
Sioux City .
Watertown .
Tennessee .
Chattanooga .
Franklin .
Knoxville .
Memphis .
Nashville .
Oak Ridge .
Texas .
Abilene .
Amarillo .
Austin .
Baytown .
Beaumont .
Brownsville .
Corpus Christi .
Dallas .
El Paso .
Fort Worth .
Galveston .
Houston .
Laredo .
Lubbock .
McAllen .
Marshall .
Nacogdoches .
Port Arthur .
San Antonio .
Tyler .
Waco .
Utah .
Ogden .
Provo .
Salt Lake City .
Vermont .
Burlington .
Montpelier .
Virginia .
Alexandra .
Arlington .
Blacksburg .
Charlottesvile .
Chesapeake .
Fairfax .
Fredericksburg .
Lexington .
Manassas .
Newport News .
Norfolk .
Radford .
Richmond .
Roanoke .
Stafford .
Staunton .
Suffolk .
Tyson's Corner .
Virginia Beach .
Washington .
Aberdeen .
Bremerton .
Olympia .
Richland .
Seattle .
Spokane .
Tacoma .
Walla Walla .
Yakima .
West Virginia .
Charleston .
Harper's Ferry .
Huntington .
Martinsburg .
Morgantown .
Wheeling .
Wisconsin .
Eau Claire .
Fond du Lac .
Green Bay .
La Crosse .
Madison .
Milwaukee .
Oshkosh .
Racine .
Wausau .
Wyoming .
Casper .
Cheyenne .
Laramie .
Rock Springs .
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